Advocates

Analytical Methods

Auto-immune Diseases

Breast Cancer

COVID-19

Cannabinoids

Cannabis Perspectives

Cannabis Strains

Caregivers

Chromatography Techniques

Chronic Pain

Consensus Methods

Contaminants

Cultivation

Doctors

Edibles

Extraction

GC-MS

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Government

Growers and Growing

HPLC and UHPLC

Healthcare

Hemp

ICP-MS

International Updates

LC-MS

Laboratory Accreditation

Laboratory Best Practices

Legal Issues

Manufacturing

Mass Spectrometry

Medical Cannabis

Medical Marijuana (MMJ)

Mental Health

Noid Factoid

Nurses

PTSD

Patients

Pediatric Cancer

Pesticides

Potency

Processing

Psychedelics

Q&A with ASA: Meet the Chapters

Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Regulations and Regulatory Issues

Research

Sample Preparation

Seizure Disorders

Spectroscopy Techniques

Terpenes

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Veterans

News

Resources

Editorial Videos

Sponsor Videos

e-Learning Tools

Events

Products

Blogs

Columns

Publications

Webcasts

App Notes

Podcasts

Editorial Podcasts

Podcast Series

Subscribe

Cannabis Science and Technology is the leading resource for the latest updates on analytical testing, cultivation, extraction, and more in the cannabis industry.

About Us

Advertise

Contact Us

Editorial Board

Editorial Information

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

Do not sell my Information

Cannabis Science and Technology 

Facebook

Twitter

Instagram

LinkedIn

Spotlight

View the July/August Issue of Cannabis Science and Technology!

MM411's Journey: From Grassroots Beginnings to Global Cannabis Education Leader

A Better Cannabis Product Testing System

Understanding Aspergillus Contamination in Cannabis Flowers and the Risks to Immunocompromised Individuals

Topics

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QA and QC)

1rem

Authors

Our sister publication, Pharmacy Times, recently published an article covering indigenous use of ayahuasca and DEA restrictions.

As Scientific Evidence Base for Safety, Efficacy of Ayahuasca Use Grows, a DEA Report Asserts a Position Countering the Data

With the increasing use of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes (1), understanding 

 contamination has never been more critical. The expansion of cannabis legalization across various regions has introduced new challenges in ensuring the safety and quality of cannabis products. This comprehensive analysis explores the nature of 

, the conditions that promote its growth, the health implications of its presence in cannabis, and the advanced methods used to mitigate these risks.

 is a genus that includes over 300 species of mold, with many being pathogenic to humans and animals. Common species include 

, each with varying degrees of virulence and impact on human health. These molds are typically found in organic matter such as soil, plants, and decaying vegetation, making them a natural part of many agricultural environments, including cannabis cultivation.

 contamination can occur at multiple stages of the production process. From the initial cultivation to the drying, curing, and storage stages, various factors can contribute to the proliferation of 

. The mold's ability to produce a large number of spores, which can easily become airborne, further complicates its management in indoor and outdoor growing environments.

Aspergillosis remains the most common fungal infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients (2).

The Cannabis Cultivation Environment and 

Cannabis cultivation, whether done indoors or outdoors, presents several challenges in preventing 

 contamination. The environment in which cannabis plants are grown plays a crucial role in either mitigating or exacerbating the risk of mold growth. Key environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and air circulation must be carefully controlled to prevent the conditions that allow 

One of the most critical aspects of preventing 

 contamination in cannabis cultivation is maintaining optimal humidity and temperature levels. 

 spores thrive in environments where the relative humidity is above 60%. During the flowering stage, when cannabis buds are developing, growers must be particularly vigilant. High humidity levels can cause moisture to accumulate within the dense structure of cannabis flowers, creating microenvironments where 

Temperature also plays a significant role in mold proliferation. 

 prefer temperatures between 20°C and 40°C (68°F and 104°F), which overlaps with the ideal growing conditions for cannabis. Therefore, maintaining a balance where the temperature is optimal for cannabis growth but not conducive to mold growth is a delicate task that requires continuous monitoring and adjustment.

Proper air circulation is another crucial factor in preventing mold growth. Stagnant air in a cultivation environment can create pockets of high humidity, particularly around the dense foliage and flowers of cannabis plants. Installing adequate ventilation systems that ensure consistent airflow can help reduce the risk of 

 contamination by preventing moisture buildup and the disbursement of any airborne spores that might be present.

Beyond environmental controls, stringent sanitation practices are essential to minimize the risk of 

 contamination. This includes regular cleaning and disinfecting of the cultivation area, equipment, and tools. Growers must ensure that any organic matter, such as dead leaves or plant debris, is promptly removed, as these can serve as breeding grounds for mold. Additionally, using protective clothing and proper hygiene by workers can reduce the risk of introducing contaminants into the growing environment.

 contamination is vital for early detection and intervention. Visual inspections can help identify symptoms of mold growth, such as discoloration of the buds, wilting leaves, or a musty odor. However, these signs often appear when the contamination is already advanced. Therefore, integrating more sophisticated monitoring techniques, such as environmental sensors that track humidity and temperature, can provide real-time data and alert growers to potential issues before they become problematic.

 in cannabis is not merely a quality control issue; it poses significant health risks, particularly for individuals with weakened immune systems. The primary route of exposure to 

 from cannabis is through inhalation, either by smoking or vaporizing contaminated products. When 

 spores are inhaled, they can lead to various health problems, depending on the individual's immune status and the specific species of 

 spores may result in allergic reactions. These reactions can range from mild to severe and may include symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and skin rashes. Individuals with asthma may experience worsening symptoms, including increased wheezing and difficulty breathing. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a more severe allergic reaction that can occur in individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis. ABPA is characterized by lung inflammation, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and permanent lung damage in severe cases.

The most severe health risk associated with 

 contamination is invasive aspergillosis. This serious infection occurs when 

 spores invade deeper tissues, such as the lungs, and spread throughout the body. This condition primarily affects individuals with severely compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with HIV/AIDS, or organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy.

Invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical intervention. The infection can spread rapidly, leading to complications such as lung tissue damage, blood clots, and in some cases, death. Symptoms of invasive aspergillosis include fever, chest pain, coughing up blood, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies, such as a chest CT scan and laboratory tests to identify the presence of 

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is another serious condition associated with 

 contamination. CPA typically affects individuals with preexisting lung conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or tuberculosis. This condition is characterized by the slow progression of lung damage over time, leading to symptoms such as persistent cough, weight loss, fatigue, and shortness of breath. CPA can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as it often mimics other chronic lung conditions.

The Role of Immunocompromised Individuals

Immunocompromised individuals are at the highest risk for developing severe 

-related infections. This group includes individuals with conditions that weaken the immune system, such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and autoimmune diseases, as well as those who are on immunosuppressive medications following organ transplantation. For these individuals, exposure to 

-contaminated cannabis can have devastating consequences (4).

The increasing use of medical cannabis among immunocompromised patients highlights the importance of ensuring that cannabis products are free from 

 and other contaminants. Medical cannabis is often used to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and loss of appetite in individuals undergoing chemotherapy or living with chronic illnesses. However, if the cannabis is contaminated with 

, it could exacerbate the patient's condition and lead to life-threatening infections.

Preventative Measures in Cannabis Cultivation

Given the severe health risks associated with 

 contamination, cannabis cultivators must implement comprehensive preventative measures throughout the cultivation process. This includes not only controlling environmental factors but also adopting best practices for sanitation, monitoring, and early detection.

As previously discussed, maintaining optimal humidity, temperature levels, and proper air circulation is crucial for preventing mold growth. Growers should invest in high-quality environmental control systems allowing precise adjustments and continuous monitoring. Additionally, dehumidifiers, fans, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can help maintain the desired environmental conditions, reducing the risk of 

Stringent sanitation protocols are essential to minimize the risk of contamination. This includes regular cleaning of the cultivation area, equipment, and tools as well as the use of disinfectants that are effective against mold spores. Growers should also implement protocols for workers, such as requiring protective clothing, gloves, and masks, to prevent the introduction of contaminants into the growing environment. Regular training on sanitation practices can help ensure that all workers know the importance of cleanliness in preventing mold contamination.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach to managing pests and diseases in cannabis cultivation, which can also help prevent mold growth. IPM involves using multiple strategies, including biological controls, cultural practices, and chemical treatments, to manage pest populations and prevent the conditions that promote mold growth. For example, introducing beneficial insects that prey on mold-spreading pests, for example, spider mites, can help reduce the risk of 

 and other contaminants are essential for early detection and intervention. This includes visual inspections and more advanced methods, such as microbial testing of the growing environment and the plants themselves. Growers should implement a testing schedule that includes routine checks for mold spores in the air, on the plants, and in the soil. Environmental sensors that track humidity, temperature, and CO

 levels can also provide valuable data for preventing mold growth.

Despite the best preventative measures, there is always a risk of contamination during the post-harvest phase. Therefore, it is essential for cannabis producers to implement effective decontamination methods to ensure the safety and quality of the final product.

X-ray Irradiation (Photonic DecontaminationTM)

X-ray irradiation, also known as photonic decontamination, is one of the most effective methods for eliminating 

 spores from cannabis flowers. This technique uses high-energy photons to penetrate the cannabis buds and inactivate mold spores at the DNA level. Unlike other decontamination methods, X-ray irradiation does not leave behind chemical residues or alter the sensory qualities of the cannabis, making it an ideal choice for preserving the therapeutic properties of the product.

The process of X-ray irradiation involves exposing the cannabis flowers to a controlled dose of radiation, which is sufficient to inactivate mold spores both on the surface and deep within the packed bud without damaging the cannabinoids and terpenes. This method has been widely used to ensure food safety by destroying microorganisms and insects that cause spoilage and foodborne illness. In the medical industries, irradiation is used for both safety and sterilization purposes and has since been adapted for use in the cannabis industry. The benefits of X-ray irradiation include its ability to penetrate dense flowers, ensuring that even spores located deep within the buds are effectively neutralized. This process does not damage the natural integrity of the flower (5).

Gamma irradiation is another decontamination method that uses high-energy gamma rays to eliminate mold spores. While gamma irradiation is effective in killing 

 and other pathogens, it can have a negative impact on the sensory qualities of cannabis, such as its taste and aroma. This is due to the higher energy levels used in gamma irradiation, which can cause some degradation of the plant's terpenes and cannabinoids.

Some cannabis users have claimed that irradiation changes the taste and/or smell of the cannabis during smoking or vaporizing (6). Despite its drawbacks, gamma irradiation is still widely used in the cannabis industry, particularly for products that are not consumed for their flavor, such as cannabis extracts and concentrates. However, for premium flower products, where preserving the natural flavor and aroma is a priority, gamma irradiation may not be the best option.

Steam sterilization is a traditional method for eliminating mold spores by exposing the cannabis to high-temperature steam. This process kills 

 spores on the surface; it does not penetrate inside a packed bud. It can also degrade certain cannabinoids and terpenes, leading to a loss of potency and flavor. The high temperatures involved in steam sterilization can cause the decarboxylation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), altering the psychoactive properties of the cannabis.

Steam sterilization is generally not recommended for high-quality cannabis products. Still, it may be used for other applications, such as producing cannabis-infused edibles or topicals, where the impact on flavor and potency is less critical.

Ozone treatment is another method used to decontaminate cannabis by exposing it to ozone gas, a powerful oxidizing agent. This treatment is typically used in commercial deodorizing and sanitizing applications. Although Ozone effectively destroys 

 spores on the surface of cannabis flowers, it does not fully penetrate the dense cannabis flower. Ozone requires careful control to prevent excessive degradation of cannabinoids and terpenes.

Ozone treatment is often used in conjunction with other decontamination methods to ensure comprehensive coverage and reduce the risk of contamination. However, due to its potential impact on quality, it is not the best choice for decontaminating premium cannabis products.

Regulatory Perspectives and Industry Standards

As the cannabis industry continues to grow and mature, the importance of establishing and adhering to regulatory standards for product safety becomes increasingly apparent. Various regions with legalized cannabis have implemented regulations to ensure cannabis products are free from harmful contaminants, including 

. These regulations often include mandatory testing for microbial contamination with specific limits set for the allowable levels of mold spores in cannabis products.

In the United States (US), cannabis regulations vary by state, with each state setting its own standards for microbial testing and decontamination. Numerous states, such as California, Colorado, and Oregon, have implemented stringent testing requirements, including limits on the presence of 

 in cannabis products. These regulations typically require cannabis producers to test their products for various contaminants, including mold, bacteria, pesticides, and heavy metals, before they can be sold to consumers.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet established federal regulations for cannabis, as it remains classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law. However, the FDA has provided guidance on the use of irradiation in food and medical products, which serves as a reference for cannabis producers using irradiation methods for decontamination.

In Canada, where cannabis is federally legal, Health Canada oversees the regulation of cannabis products. Health Canada has established strict guidelines for microbial contamination, including specific limits for 

species. Cannabis producers are required to submit their products to licensed laboratories for testing, and any product that exceeds the allowable limits for mold contamination cannot be sold.

Health Canada also provides guidance on the use of irradiation as a decontamination method for cannabis. The agency recognizes irradiation as a safe and effective method for reducing microbial contamination and has approved its use for cannabis products sold in Canada.

In Europe, cannabis regulations vary by country, with some countries allowing medical cannabis use and others still prohibiting it. In countries where medical cannabis is legal, such as Germany and the Netherlands, stringent testing requirements are in place to ensure product safety. These requirements often include testing for 

 and other microbial contaminants, with specific limits set for the presence of mold spores.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) provides guidance on the use of irradiation for the decontamination of herbal medicines, including cannabis. The EMA recognizes irradiation as a safe and effective method for ensuring the microbial safety of herbal products and has established guidelines for its use.

The article "Medical Marijuana In Cancer: Harmful Or Harm Reduction?" written by Alexandra Thielmann and Paul J. Daeninck examines the historical and modern use of cannabis in cancer treatment. Cannabis has long been used for its medicinal properties, but its legality was challenged in the early 20th century. The discovery of cannabinoids has led to increased research into their benefits for cancer patients, particularly in managing pain, nausea, vomiting, and cachexia. While there is promising evidence of its therapeutic potential, concerns remain about the risks, such as psychosis and impaired driving. The article calls for more research and a shift in public perception to recognize cannabis as a legitimate medical treatment, using Canada's regulatory experience as an example of the challenges and considerations involved (4).

 contamination in cannabis, we can examine several case studies that highlight the challenges faced by the industry and the steps taken to address these issues.

 Outbreak in a California Cannabis Cultivation Facility

In 2019, a large cannabis cultivation facility in California experienced an outbreak of 

contamination, leading to significant losses and a public health scare. The facility, which produced cannabis for both medical and recreational use, discovered the contamination during routine testing. The affected products were immediately recalled, and an investigation was launched to determine the source of the contamination.

The investigation revealed that the facility's HVAC system had malfunctioned, leading to increased humidity levels in the cultivation area. This created an ideal environment for 

 spores to proliferate, particularly during the flowering stage. The facility implemented several corrective actions, including upgrading its environmental control systems, improving sanitation protocols, and adopting X-ray irradiation as a post-harvest decontamination method.

This case highlights the importance of maintaining strict environmental controls and the role of advanced decontamination methods in ensuring the safety of cannabis products.

 Contamination in Medical Cannabis Products in Canada

In 2020, a Canadian medical cannabis producer faced a recall of its products after tests revealed the presence of 

. The contamination was discovered during routine testing by Health Canada, which found that several batches of cannabis oil contained 

 spores at levels exceeding the allowable limits.

The producer conducted an internal investigation and determined that the contamination likely occurred during the extraction process, where the cannabis flowers were not adequately decontaminated before processing. As a result, the company implemented stricter decontamination protocols, including the use of gamma irradiation for all raw cannabis materials.

This case underscores the importance of thorough decontamination at all stages of cannabis production, particularly for products intended for medical use, where patient safety is paramount.

-Related Illness in Immunocompromised Patients

In 2021, a report from a hospital in Colorado documented several cases of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients who had used cannabis. The patients who were undergoing chemotherapy for cancer had used cannabis to manage symptoms such as nausea and pain. However, after consuming contaminated cannabis, they developed severe respiratory infections that required intensive medical treatment.

The hospital conducted a thorough investigation, including testing the cannabis products used by the patients. The tests revealed high levels of 

 spores in the products, which had been purchased from a local dispensary. The dispensary was notified, and a recall of the affected products was initiated.

This case highlights the critical need for cannabis products to be free from microbial contaminants, especially for vulnerable populations such as immunocompromised patients. It also emphasizes the importance of consumer education and the need for dispensaries to source their products from reputable producers who adhere to strict safety standards.

As the cannabis industry continues to evolve, the importance of ensuring the safety and quality of cannabis products will only grow. The risks associated with 

 contamination are well-documented, and the industry must continue to adopt and refine best practices for prevention, monitoring, and decontamination.

Advancements in Decontamination Technology

One of the most promising areas of advancement is in decontamination technology. As research into the effects of irradiation and other methods continues, we can expect to see the development of new techniques that are even more effective at eliminating contaminants without compromising the quality of the cannabis product. These advancements will be crucial as the demand for high-quality, safe cannabis products increases, particularly in the medical market.

Another important trend is the harmonization of cannabis regulations across different regions so that there are consistent requirements across all regions for medical and recreation use. As the industry continues to expand, there will be an increasing need for consistent standards for product safety, including limits on microbial contamination. International cooperation and the sharing of best practices will be key to achieving this harmonization and ensuring that consumers worldwide have access to safe cannabis products.

Consumer education will also play a vital role in the future of cannabis safety. As awareness of the risks associated with 

 and other contaminants grows, consumers will become more discerning in their purchasing decisions. Educating consumers about the importance of buying from reputable sources and the benefits of advanced decontamination methods will help drive demand for safer products and encourage producers to adopt the highest safety standards.

 contamination in cannabis flowers is a serious issue that poses significant health risks, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Understanding the factors that contribute to mold growth, the health implications of exposure, and the methods available for decontamination is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of cannabis products.

The cannabis industry must continue to prioritize product safety by implementing stringent environmental controls, adopting advanced decontamination technologies, and adhering to regulatory standards. As the industry grows, so will the need for innovation in both cultivation practices and decontamination methods. By staying ahead of these challenges, the cannabis community can ensure consumers have access to safe, high-quality products that meet the needs of both recreational and medical users.

Ultimately, the future of cannabis safety will depend on the collective efforts of growers, producers, regulators, and consumers. By working together to address the challenges of 

 contamination and other safety concerns, the industry can continue to thrive while protecting public health and maintaining consumer trust.

Ruchlemer, R.; amit-Kohn, M.; Raveh, D.; and Hanus, L. Inhaled medicinal cannabis and the immunocompromised patient. 

Cadena, J.; Thompson III, G.R.; Patterson MD, T.F.. Aspergillosis Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. 

Aspergillus, a genus of mold that is abundant in our environment, has become a significant concern in the cannabis industry, particularly due to the health risks it poses to consumers. This mold, which thrives in various environments, including soil, decaying vegetation, and even in the air, is not inherently dangerous to healthy individuals. However, its presence in cannabis flowers, whether during cultivation, processing, or storage, can lead to severe health risks, especially for immunocompromised individuals.

Erin Hunter

Articles

Latest Updated Articles